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Exemples
He completed the project by working late.
Il a terminé le projet en travaillant tard.
02
par
used to show the type of transportation used to travel
Exemples
He commutes to work by car.
Il se rend au travail en voiture.
03
par, de
used to indicate the extent or dimensions of a margin
Exemples
He beat his opponent by a landslide.
Il a battu son adversaire par une victoire écrasante.
04
par, de
used to indicate the person or entity performing an action
Exemples
The decision was made by the committee.
La décision a été prise par le comité.
4.1
par, de
used to refer to the creator or originator of something
Exemples
This painting was created by Pablo Picasso.
Ce tableau a été créé par Pablo Picasso.
05
par, au moyen de
used to introduce the term that is being explained or defined
Exemples
She clarified what was meant by " innovation. "
Elle a clarifié ce que l'on entendait par "innovation".
06
par, sous
used to indicate the name or title by which someone is called or known
Exemples
He 's known by his stage name.
Il est connu par son nom de scène.
07
par, de
used to refer to the parent, other than the one speaking
Exemples
The children are her offspring by her second husband.
Les enfants sont sa progéniture de son deuxième mari.
08
par, de
used to refer to the father of a particular animal, especially in terms of breeding
Exemples
This colt is by Goldfuerst.
Ce poulain est par Goldfuerst.
09
par, de
used in expressions showing how something occurs
Exemples
He won the game by luck.
Il a gagné le jeu par chance.
10
par, à la
used to specify the standard or unit used to evaluate or measure something
Exemples
The work was calculated by the minute.
Le travail a été calculé à la minute.
11
par, multiplié par
used in mathematical operations to show multiplication or division
Exemples
Divide 12 by 3 for the answer.
Divisez 12 par 3 pour obtenir la réponse.
12
par, de
used to indicate continuous or sequential occurrence of an action or event
Exemples
The storm intensified hour by hour.
La tempête s'est intensifiée d'heure en heure.
13
par, selon
used to show the basis for categorization or analysis
Exemples
The survey results were categorized by income.
Les résultats de l'enquête ont été catégorisés par revenu.
13.1
par, selon
used to indicate conformity with a standard or expectation
Exemples
The team played by the rules and won.
L'équipe a joué selon les règles et a gagné.
Exemples
The application is due by noon tomorrow.
La demande doit être soumise avant midi demain.
15
par, pendant
used to show the time period in which something occurs
Exemples
He works by day and sleeps by night.
Il travaille de jour et dort de nuit.
16
près de, à côté de
used to show the proximity or position beside something
Exemples
He stood by the window, watching the sunset.
Il se tenait près de la fenêtre, regardant le coucher du soleil.
17
par, selon
as judged, stated, or approved by someone or something
Exemples
By my calculation, we are running late.
Selon mon calcul, nous sommes en retard.
18
par, par le
used to express emphasis or frustration in a mild exclamation
Exemples
She 's the kindest soul I 've ever met, by all that's holy.
Elle est l'âme la plus gentille que j'aie jamais rencontrée, par tout ce qu'il y a de sacré.
19
par, à
used to show recognition or identification based on a description or appearance
Exemples
I recognize them by their accents.
Je les reconnais par leurs accents.
20
par, à
used to show the part of something that is physically handled or held
Exemples
She held the cup by its rim.
Elle tenait la tasse par son bord.
21
par, de
used to express someone's occupation, origin, etc.
Exemples
He is an actor by trade.
Il est acteur de profession.
Exemples
The lawyer was just doing her job by her client.
L'avocate faisait simplement son travail pour son client.
by
Exemples
He walked by without saying a word.
Il est passé près sans dire un mot.
Exemples
You should put by some supplies in case of an emergency.
Vous devriez mettre de côté quelques fournitures en cas d'urgence.
Exemples
Some neighbors stopped by to welcome us.
Certains voisins sont passés par pour nous souhaiter la bienvenue.
Exemples
She waited until no one was by before making the call.
Elle a attendu que personne ne soit à proximité avant de passer l'appel.
by-
01
par, sous
used to indicate something minor, indirect, or not primary
Exemples
The factory generates a lot of byproducts that must be carefully disposed of.
L'usine génère beaucoup de sous-produits qui doivent être soigneusement éliminés.
02
par, via
used to indicate a side road, path, or minor route
Exemples
The hiker discovered an old bypassage leading to the river.
Le randonneur a découvert un ancien contournement menant à la rivière.
