by
by
baÉĒ
bai
/baÉĒ/

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ "by"āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ

01

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡

used to show how something is done or achieved
by definition and meaning
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He completed the project by working late.
āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
02

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž

used to show the type of transportation used to travel
by definition and meaning
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He commutes to work by car.
āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
03

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇

used to indicate the extent or dimensions of a margin
by definition and meaning
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He beat his opponent by a landslide.
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāϧāϏ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻžāϜāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
04

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž

used to indicate the person or entity performing an action
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The decision was made by the committee.
āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
4.1

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻāϰ

used to refer to the creator or originator of something
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
This painting was created by Pablo Picasso.
āĻāχ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϏ⧋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
05

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡

used to introduce the term that is being explained or defined
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
She clarified what was meant by " innovation. "
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ "āύāϤ⧁āύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ" āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧀ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
06

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇

used to indicate the name or title by which someone is called or known
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He 's known by his stage name.
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
07

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻāϰ

used to refer to the parent, other than the one speaking
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The children are her offspring by her second husband.
āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāύāĨ¤
08

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻāϰ

used to refer to the father of a particular animal, especially in terms of breeding
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
This colt is by Goldfuerst.
āĻāχ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž GoldfuerstāĨ¤
09

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇

used in expressions showing how something occurs
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He won the game by luck.
āϏ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϖ⧇āϞāĻž āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
10

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡

used to specify the standard or unit used to evaluate or measure something
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The work was calculated by the minute.
āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŸā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
11

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āϗ⧁āĻŖ

used in mathematical operations to show multiplication or division
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
Divide 12 by 3 for the answer.
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ 12 āϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ 3 āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
12

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇

used to indicate continuous or sequential occurrence of an action or event
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The storm intensified hour by hour.
āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰāϤāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
13

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€

used to show the basis for categorization or analysis
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The survey results were categorized by income.
āϜāϰāĻŋāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
13.1

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€

used to indicate conformity with a standard or expectation
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The team played by the rules and won.
āĻĻāϞāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
14

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āφāϗ⧇

used to show when something must be completed or occurs
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The application is due by noon tomorrow.
āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāϟāĻŋ āφāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
15

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇

used to show the time period in which something occurs
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He works by day and sleeps by night.
āϏ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
16

āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇

used to show the proximity or position beside something
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He stood by the window, watching the sunset.
āϏ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
16.1

āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇

used to indicate movement past or beyond a certain point
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The train passed right by him without stopping.
āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύāϟāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽā§‡āύāĻŋ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤
17

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€

as judged, stated, or approved by someone or something
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
By my calculation, we are running late.
āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
18

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡

used to express emphasis or frustration in a mild exclamation
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
She 's the kindest soul I 've ever met, by all that's holy.
āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧁ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Đ˛ŅŅ‚Ņ€ĐĩŅ‚Đ¸Đģ, āϏāĻŦ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤
19

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇

used to show recognition or identification based on a description or appearance
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
I recognize them by their accents.
āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϚāĻŋāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
20

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇

used to show the part of something that is physically handled or held
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
She held the cup by its rim.
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϧāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
21

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇

used to express someone's occupation, origin, etc.
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He is an actor by trade.
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύ⧇āϤāĻžāĨ¤
22

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ

used to indicate acting or doing something for someone else
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The lawyer was just doing her job by her client.
āφāχāύāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
01

āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇

used to refer to moving past or alongside something or someone
by definition and meaning
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
He walked by without saying a word.
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
02

āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž, āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž

used to indicate storing or saving something, especially for future use
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
You should put by some supplies in case of an emergency.
āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āϜāϰ⧁āϰ⧀ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤
03

āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž, āφāϏāĻž

at or to someone's residence or location
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
Some neighbors stopped by to welcome us.
āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
04

āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇, āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇

near in space
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
She waited until no one was by before making the call.
āĻ•āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
01

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, āωāĻĒ

used to indicate something minor, indirect, or not primary
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The factory generates a lot of byproducts that must be carefully disposed of.
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ–āĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āωāĻĒ-āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
02

āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇, āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡

used to indicate a side road, path, or minor route
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ
The hiker discovered an old bypassage leading to the river.
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϟāĻ• āύāĻĻā§€āϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻĒāĻžāϏ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
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āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
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āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒ āĻĄāĻžāωāύāϞ⧋āĻĄ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ