to cause someone to hesitate before taking action or speaking

to suppress one's true feelings or emotions, often to avoid displaying them openly

to not disclose information or facts that a person wants or needs to know

to refrain from taking immediate action or speaking out, typically due to uncertainty, reluctance

to hinder the effectiveness or progress of something or someone

to refrain from using or giving one's full potential or power

to delay the progress of someone, typically a student, by retaining them in their current educational grade or level