Definition & Meaning of "direct animation"

What is "direct animation"?

Direct animation is a technique where images are created directly onto film stock, skipping traditional animation methods. Instead of drawing or animating on paper or using digital tools, the animator makes marks, scratches, or paintings directly on the film strips. This method can produce unique and experimental visual effects, as the images are created through direct manipulation of the film medium. Direct animation allows for a highly personalized and often abstract style, giving animators creative freedom to explore unconventional visual techniques.