Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory bowel disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It causes inflammation and sores in the lining of the large intestine, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, often bloody diarrhea, urgency to have bowel movements, rectal bleeding, fatigue, and weight loss. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. This typically involves medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs and other drugs that help calm down the immune system. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected colon and rectum.

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