An absolute pin in chess occurs when a piece is pinned against the king, meaning the pinned piece cannot move without exposing the king to check. This makes moving the pinned piece illegal because it would place the king in danger. For example, if a rook or queen attacks a piece that is in line with the opponent's king, that piece cannot move without putting the king in check. Absolute pins are especially strong because they completely restrict the movement of the pinned piece and can force the opponent into a defensive position.

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